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Engineering Plastics Application

Engineering Plastics Application
  • Since 1973 (Monthly)
  • ISSN:1001-3539
  • CN:37-1111/TQ
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Volume 54 期 9，2026 2026年第54卷第9期

  • Materials & Applications

    MU Xingyu, LUO Maodan, MA Shikai, BAO Dongmei, GAO Chengtao, ZHOU Guoyong, ZHANG Yupeng

    DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1001-3539.2026.09.001
    摘要：To effectively reduce the heat release and smoke release of epoxy resin (EP) during combustion and improve its flame retardancy, a flame retardant containing DOPS/triazine-trione structure, TGVD, was designed and synthesized using vanillin (VA), triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), and 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-sulfide (DOPS) as raw materials. TGVD was then incorporated into EP to prepare EP/TGVD flame-retardant composites. The flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the EP/TGVD composites were evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning test, cone calorimeter test, thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical testing. The flame-retardant mechanism was further investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that when the mass fraction of TGVD was 12%, the LOI value of EP/TGVD reached 33.0%, and the composite passed the UL 94 V-0 rating, indicating a significant improvement in flame retardancy. Compared with neat EP, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production of EP/TGVD-12 decreased by 49.17%, 36.79%, and 37.90%, respectively, demonstrating that TGVD effectively suppresses heat release and smoke release during EP combustion. TGVD effectively promotes char formation of EP. In TG analysis, the char residue of EP/TGVD-12 at 700 ℃ increased from 19.06% for neat EP to 33.59%. Compared with neat EP, the flexural strength, tensile strength, and notched impact strength of EP/TGVD-12 increased by 22.86%, 23.45%, and 41.58%, respectively. The flame-retardant mechanism analysis shows that TGVD promotes the formation of a continuous and compact intumescent char layer during combustion, thereby exerting a condensed-phase flame-retardant effect. Meanwhile, radical quenching and dilution effects contribute to enhanced gas-phase flame retardancy. Overall, TGVD exhibits a synergistic flame retardant mechanism of gas phase and condensed pha, which simultaneously improves the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EP. This work provides a reference for the molecular design and practical application of phosphaphenanthrene/triazine-trione synergistic flame retardants.  
    关键词：Epoxy resin;DOPS;triazine-trione;flame-retardant mechanism;synergistic flame retardancy   
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    LI Peize, LIN Xiangde

    DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1001-3539.2026.09.002
    摘要：To address the difficulty of simultaneously achieving high sensitivity, a wide linear working range, and long-term stability in flexible strain sensors, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanofibrous membranes were prepared by electrospinning and used as flexible substrates. Carbon black (CB) was anchored onto the fiber surfaces by ultrasonic adsorption, and urushiol (U) was introduced as an interfacial adhesion and curing-regulation component. A hybrid conductive network was further constructed to obtain a TPU/U-Cu-CB composite sensing layer. The microstructure, chemical structure, surface wettability, and sensing performance of the composites were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurement, as well as mechanical and electrical tests. The results show that, at a urushiol:copper nanoparticle∶CB mass ratio of 2∶1∶1, the composite exhibits a good balance between relatively high strength and good ductility. Within the strain range of 0 to 100%, the prepared sensor exhibits a high linear response, with a gauge factor of 18.25 and a response/recovery time of approximately 400 ms, and no obvious fluctuation in output signal during continuous cyclic loading. In addition, the sensor can be used to monitor human activities such as finger bending, knee movement, and vocalization. These results indicate that the combination of urushiol interface modification and a metal-carbon hybrid conductive network helps to improve the sensitivity and cyclic stability of the sensor, providing a new approach for the design of engineering-plastic-based flexible strain sensors.  
    关键词：flexible strain sensor;electrospinning;thermoplastic polyurethane;urushiol;Cu nanoparticles;carbon black;motion monitoring   
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    更新时间：2026-10-10

    LEI Ting, YANG Yuanyuan, SHEN Chao, QIN Qingqing, LI Jian, SHAO Huiju, WEI Fujian, DING Xiaoyan, WU Xiao, QIN Shuhao

    DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1001-3539.2026.09.003
    摘要：To address the formation of finger-like macrovoids and non-uniform pore structures commonly encountered in poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) membranes prepared by the conventional non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method, glyceryl triacetate (GTA) was introduced into a PVDF/N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) casting system to regulate the casting solution composition and phase separation process, with the aim of constructing a uniform sponge-like pore structure and improving the long-term operational stability of the membrane. The effects of the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and the air exposure time during membrane preparation on the pore structure and separation performance of the PVDF membranes were further investigated. The results show that, at an air exposure time of 0 s, with increasing GTA content, the viscosity of the casting solution increases, the finger-like voids in the membrane cross-section gradually decrease and transform into a uniform sponge-like pore structure, while the numbers of open pores on the membrane surface, pore size, and porosity increase. When the mass ratio of GTA to DMAc is 1∶1, a predominantly sponge-like pore structure forms in the membrane cross-section, and the porosity increases from 31.36% to 39.62%. Under the same air exposure condition (0 s), after the further introduction of different PVP (K17, K25, K30, and K90), the membranes generally maintain a sponge-like pore structure. With increasing PVP molecular weight, the pure water flux increases, whereas the bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection generally decreases. When PVP K90 is added, distinct macrovoids and finger-like voids appear in the membrane, the pure water flux reaches 763.67 L/(m2·h), and the BSA rejection decreases to 28.78%, indicating an obvious trade-off between permeability and rejection. As the air exposure time increases from 0 to 120 s, the surface and cross-sectional pore structures of membranes with different formulations undergo further changes, while the average pore size and porosity generally increase. Membranes with higher GTA contents still predominantly maintain sponge-like pore structures. Meanwhile, the pure water flux and BSA rejection of the different membrane systems exhibit pronounced formulation dependence, indicating that membrane performance is jointly governed by structural factors such as pore size distribution, pore connectivity, and cross-sectional morphology. During 24 h cyclic filtration, at the air exposure time of 120 s the flux of the PVP K30-modified membrane (MP3) decreases from 420.92 L/(m2·h) to 383.60 L/(m2·h), corresponding to a decline of only 8.87%, which is markedly lower than the 65.40% decline of the control membrane (M1) without GTA and PVP at the same air exposure time. Moreover, no obvious BSA deposition is observed on the surface or in the cross-section of the MP3 membrane after filtration, demonstrating good long-term operational stability. The results indicate that the phase separation behavior and pore structure of PVDF membranes can be effectively regulated by adjusting the solvent composition, PVP molecular weight, and air exposure time prior to phase separation, providing an experimental basis for the structural design and performance regulation of PVDF membranes with sponge-like pore structures.  
    关键词：polyvinylidene fluoride;triacetin;sponge-like pores;non-solvent induced phase separation;delayed demixing   
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    更新时间：2026-10-10

    GUO Longlong, MAO Aimin, LI Dexing, MA Jun, WANG Gongying, WANG Ziqing

    DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1001-3539.2026.09.004
    摘要：To address the functional deficiencies and limited application scope of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET), a polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane (PMTFPS)-modified PET copolyester (FPET) via a one-pot melt polycondensation process was synthesized. The influences of PMTFPS content on the structure and properties of the copolyesters were systematically investigated. The structure and properties of FPET were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum, intrinsic viscosity measurement, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, etc. The results demonstrated that PMTFPS could be successfully copolymerized into PET backbone via a one-pot process to synthesize FPET, and the intrinsic viscosities of FPET is ranged from 0.52 dL/g to 0.71 dL/g. PMTFPS promoted PET crystallization because of heterogeneous nucleation effects, thereby increasing the melting point. Owing to the significant difference in surface energy between PMTFPS and PET, PMTFPS migrated to FPET surface under thermodynamic driving, forming a surface layer rich in F and Si elements ,which effectively reduced oxygen diffusion, significantly enhancing the thermo-oxidative stability of FPET. Furthermore, the surface hydrophobicity of FPET could be effectively tuned by adjusting PMTFPS content. When PMTFPS quality accounts for 15% of terephthalic acid, FPET-15% exhibited markedly low dielectric properties at high frequencies, with a dielectric constant of 3.21 and a dielectric loss factor of 0.025 at 10 MHz which reduced by 1.83% and 21.88% compared to PET, respectively. These improvements are attributed to the low polarizability of —CF3 groups and the increased free volume from the flexible siloxane backbone, which collectively reduced dipole density and relaxation loss.  
    关键词：polyethylene terephthalate;fluorosiloxane;copolymer modification;surface property;dielectric constant   
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    HE Yayue, LIU Bingxiao, DONG Xiaoqi, LIU Xuan, CHEN Song, WANG Jianye, LI Yuting, XIE Jie

    DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1001-3539.2026.09.005
    摘要：Poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)-based polymer electrolytes typically exhibit low room-temperature ionic conductivity, generally below 10-5 S/cm, which severely limits their practical application in solid-state batteries. To address this issue, this study adopted a molecular structure-based approach and employed a radical in-situ polymerization strategy. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) was used as the flexible chain segment and crosslinking component, hexafluorobutyl acrylate (HFBA) as the fluorinated functional monomer, and vinyl ethyl carbonate (VEC) as the plasticizing component. By adjusting the molar ratios of three monomers, a series of fluorinated polymer electrolytes (FPEs) was synthesized to optimize segment mobility and ion migration behavior. Additionally, a glass fiber membrane (GF) was used as a support to enhance the structural stability of the electrolyte membrane. The results show that when the molar ratio of the three monomers is 1∶2∶2, the FPE exhibits the best overall performance. The glass transition temperature is -39.2 ℃, and it exhibits an amorphous structure, which is conducive to ion transport at room temperature. After being composited with a glass fiber(GF) membrane, the tensile strength of FPE/GF composite membrane increases by approximately 3.4 times compared to GF ,and its The ionic conductivity at room temperature reaches 2.16 mS/cm, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the PEO system. The lithium-ion transference number is 0.44 and the electrochemical stability window is 5.2 V. The lithium iron phosphate(LFP)/FPE/Li cell based on this electrolyte exhibits a capacity retention rate of approximately 80% after 300 cycles at a 2 C, with stable cycling overpotential, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. The LFP/FPE/Li cell exhibits the best capacity recovery and rate performance after high-rate cycling. This fluorination-regulated and composite strategy provides experimental evidence for the controlled synthesis of high-performance fluorinated polymer electrolytes and the improvement of reliability in solid-state lithium-metal batteries.  
    关键词：lithium metal batteries;fluorinated polymer;electrolytes;ion transport;cycling performance   
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    HOU Lu, XU Yuping, YANG Xiaomei, ZHANG Lei

    DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1001-3539.2026.09.006
    摘要：To develop natural polysaccharide-based functional materials for biomedical, agricultural and food industrial applications, with xanthan gum (XG) as the main chain, acrylamide (AM) and itaconic acid (IA) as functional monomers, and cerium nitrate ammonium (CAN) as the initiator. PAM/IA-g-XG hydrogels with different mass ratios of AM and IA, m(AM)∶m(IA), were prepared through free-radical graft copolymerization. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) analysis, and water contact angle measurements to investigate the effects of monomer ratio on grafting rate, swelling, water-retention performance, and biodegradability. The results show that the grafting rate of PAM/IA-g-XG first increased and then decreased with increasing IA content. The maximum grafting rate of 105.98% is obtained at m(AM)∶m(IA) of 2∶4. FTIR analysis shows characteristic absorption bands related to amide and carboxyl groups. XRD results indicate that the PAM/IA-g-XG hydrogel exhibits a more pronounced amorphous structure. TG and contact angle analyses further demonstrate that the introductions of AM and IA have changed the thermal stability and surface wettability of XG, confirming the successful grafting of AM and IA onto the XG backbone. The performance tests show that the hydrogel prepared at m(AM)∶m(IA) of 2∶2 exhibits the highest swelling ratio of 415% and shows good water-retention capacity. After 21 days, the degradation ratios of all samples exceed 30%, with the highest degradation ratio observed for the hydrogel prepared at m(AM)∶m(IA) of 2∶5. Graft modification of XG with AM and IA produces polysaccharide-based functional materials with favorable water absorption and degradability, providing a reference for their potential applications in biomedical, agricultural, and food industrial fields.  
    关键词：xanthan gum;acrylamide;itaconic acid;hydrogel;graft copolymerization   
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    SONG Jianqiang, YAN Zhaoyuan, TIAN Fang, LIU Weiqiang, SUI Yan, XU Lingfeng

    DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1001-3539.2026.09.007
    摘要：To meet the comprehensive requirements of thermally conductive polymers, such as excellent flame retardancy, heat resistance, and mechanical properties, a micro-nano hybrid system of magnesium hydroxide prepared by a physical method and magnesium hydroxide powder prepared by a precipitation method was constructed. The synergistic reinforcing effects of this system in thermally conductive nylon 6 (PA6) substrates were investigated. The mechanical properties, heat resistance, and flame retardancy of the thermally conductive PA6 composites were tested, and the final combustion residue was characterized by surface morphology and elemental analysis using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that when the mass ratio of magnesium hydroxide prepared by the physical method to magnesium hydroxide prepared by the precipitation method is 1∶2, it can better improve the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the thermally conductive PA6 composites. The tensile strength, elongation at break, and notched impact strength reach 40.83 MPa, 3.18%, and 3.62 kJ/m2, respectively, and the thermal deformation temperature reaches 134.62 ℃. At the same time, the thermal stability of the thermally conductive nylon substrate was effectively improved at this mixing ratio. The temperatures at 5% and 50% of mass loss reach 348.5 ℃ and 458.8 ℃, respectively, and the residual char rate is increased to 1.48 times and 1.54 times that of the single-filler sample at 600 ℃ and 800 ℃, respectively. Scanning electron microscope analysis shows that the surface micromorphology of the residual char t can be also effectively improved at his mixing ratio, making the residual char denser and more continuous, that is, it can effectively resist the transfer of heat flow, mass flow, and gas flow. In particular, it promotes the adhesion of MgO to the surface of the residual char and enhances the physical barrier effect. In summary, magnesium hydroxide prepared by the physical method can partially replace magnesium hydroxide prepared by the precipitation method, and there is a good synergistic effect between the two.  
    关键词：mixed micro-nano magnesium hydroxide;thermally conductive nylon;mechanical properties;heat resistance;flame retardancy   
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